What term refers to chromosomes that have one set from each parent?

The correct term for chromosomes that have one set from each parent is homologous. Homologous chromosomes refer to the pair of chromosomes—one inherited from the mother and one from the father—that carry the same genes, although they may have different alleles or variations of those genes. This pairing is crucial for processes such as meiosis, where genetic diversity is generated through the exchange of genetic material.

While haploid and diploid refer to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell—haploid being one set and diploid being two, homologous specifically addresses the relationship between the paired chromosomes from each parent. Tetrad refers to a structure that forms during meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up, but it does not refer to the chromosomes themselves. The distinction of homologous chromosomes is essential in understanding genetic inheritance and the functioning of sexual reproduction.