During which phase of cell division do homologous chromosomes align?

During cell division, specifically in meiosis, homologous chromosomes align during metaphase. This alignment occurs in metaphase I of meiosis, where pairs of homologous chromosomes—each consisting of two sister chromatids—line up along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell. This positioning is critical for the subsequent separation of homologous chromosomes, which helps ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.

The alignment during metaphase is facilitated by spindle fibers that attach to the centromeres of the homologous pairs. This process is vital for genetic diversity, as it allows for the independent assortment of chromosomes. Thus, the homologous chromosomes are positioned to be separated into different cells when the cell moves to anaphase.

In other phases mentioned, such as telophase, prophase, and anaphase, the chromosomes are either uncoiling, being prepared for division, or separating, but they do not align in the manner seen during metaphase. This distinction makes metaphase the correct answer for the alignment of homologous chromosomes.